Choosing the Perfect Landscape Trees for New England Coastal Landscapes

Coastal areas present some interesting challenges and opportunities when considering tree variety selection and design.  If some best practices are followed, coastal designs that incorporate the ideal tree and plant varieties, can enhance resilience, support local ecosystems, and maintain the natural character of New England's coastlines while addressing challenges such as erosion and storm damage.  

Ready to transform your coastline property? In this blog, we’ll dive into the best tree species for shoreline living and share expert tips on where to plant them for maximum beauty and resilience. Whether you're looking for shade, privacy, or a touch of coastal charm, we've got you covered!

Coastline Conditions to Consider

Coastline conditions present specific challenges trees must adapt to in order to thrive:

#1 //Climate Variability

• Temperature Fluctuations: The New England Coast experiences significant seasonal temperature changes, which can stress trees. Winter temperatures often drop dramatically, while summers can be warm and humid. This variability can impact growth rates and survival.
• Precipitation Patterns: The region may face periods of heavy rainfall followed by drought. This inconsistency can affect water availability and soil moisture, vital for tree health.

#2 // Salt Tolerance

• Salt Spray and Soil Salinity: Trees near the coastline must cope with salt spray from the ocean and increased salinity in the soil, especially during storms. Most native tree species are not salt-tolerant; therefore, exposure can lead to leaf burn, reduced photosynthesis, and, ultimately, tree decline.

#3 // Wind Exposure

• Strong Coastal Winds: The proximity to the Atlantic Ocean subjects trees to strong winds, especially during storms. This exposure can cause physical damage, uproot trees, and lead to broken branches.
• Erosion and Instability: Wind can exacerbate soil erosion, particularly on coastal bluffs and dunes, resulting in unstable rooting conditions that challenge tree survival.

#4 //  Soil Composition

• Varied Soil Types: The New England coastal region has a mix of sandy, rocky, and clay soils, with differing nutrient profiles. These variances can limit the types of trees that can thrive in particular areas.
• Drainage Issues: Poorly drained soils, particularly in low-lying areas, can lead to waterlogged conditions that can suffocate tree roots and promote root rot, while sandy soils may not hold moisture efficiently.

Coastal vs. Inland New England Tree Selection

Directly on the coast plants need to be more specialized and salt-tolerant to successfully survive the conditions. A tree's growth is often limited due to poor soil conditions. Salt spray and increased soil salinity can severely limit the range of vegetation, often restricting growth to salt-tolerant species such as beach grasses and shrubs.

Only five miles Inland conditions are significantly different, allowing a wider variety of trees to grow. Inland soils are typically richer in organic matter and nutrients, often composed of loamy or clay soils that retain moisture better. Wind exposure decreases significantly, providing a more sheltered environment for plant growth. Trees and shrubs can grow taller and develop more extensive root systems without wind-related stress. 

Sub-Regions of the New England Coastline

The New England coastline offers a rich tapestry of plant, animal, and insect life, particularly in its native tree species found in three distinct sub-regions: the Gulf of Maine, Massachusetts & Rhode Island Bays, and the NY-NJ Bight - Long Island Sound. Each area boasts its own collection of trees that have adapted to the local climate, soil, and ecological conditions. Let’s dig into the best trees for each area! 

Gulf of Maine

The Gulf of Maine is known for its cool temperatures and extended coastline, making it a conducive environment for a variety of native trees. Here are some of our favorites: 

Eastern White Pine (Pinus strobus)

This tall, fast-growing evergreen has flexible needles and cones, which allow it to withstand coastal wind and salt spray. It can also tolerate a range of soil conditions, making it a hardy choice for coastal landscapes. 

Red Maple (Acer rubrum) 

Sugar Maple (Acer saccharum) 

The Sugar Maple is typically found further inland, it can grow along the coastal zones of the Gulf of Maine, particularly in sheltered areas with rich, moist soils. It is common in the forested uplands but can extend into lower-elevation areas near the coast.

Tamarack (Larix laricina)

Tamarack are well-suited for wetland and coastal environments, as they can tolerate both cold temperatures and varying levels of soil moisture. Its needle-like leaves turn golden-yellow in the fall before they drop, giving the tree a striking appearance.

Balsam Fir (Abies balsamea) 

This is a key species of the northern and coastal forests of New England. It is found in the uplands and along the coast in more sheltered areas. Balsam fir is well-adapted to cold coastal climates, where it thrives in acidic, well-drained soils. Its compact form and dense needles help it survive in windy, salty environments.

Coastal Red Cedar (Juniperus virginiana) 

The Red Cedar is found in salt-spray zones along the Gulf of Maine coastline, particularly in areas with sandy soils or near beaches, dunes, and rocky shorelines. It is highly salt-tolerant, which allows it to thrive in environments with frequent exposure to saltwater and wind. Its fragrant, durable wood and blue-green foliage make it a distinctive and valuable tree in coastal landscapes. It is also an important species for coastal wildlife, providing shelter and food.

Pitch Pine (Pinus rigida) 

This is a species that thrives in the dry, sandy soils, particularly in areas like the sand dunes and heathlands. Pitch pine is highly fire-tolerant, with a thick bark that resists heat, and it can regenerate quickly after fire events. It is also salt-tolerant, making it well-suited to the coastal environment where it faces harsh conditions such as wind, salt spray, and occasional drought.

American Holly (Ilex opaca)

While the American Holly is not as common as some other coastal species, it can be found in the lower elevations of coastal forests and areas with acidic soils. It often grows in protected, slightly moist sites along the coast.  As an evergreen, its waxy, spiny leaves help it retain moisture and resist salt exposure. It is well-suited for coastal conditions and provides food and shelter for wildlife, particularly in winter months when its red berries are a key food source.

White Oak (Quercus alba) 

White Oak is typically found in the interior of the Gulf of Maine region, but it can also grow in coastal areas with well-drained soils. It thrives in mixed hardwood forests, and some coastal regions with richer soils support this species. Because so many species rely on oaks for their survival, they’re considered keystone plants due to the pivotal role they play in the food chain.

Massachusetts & Rhode Island Bays 

Just south of the Gulf of Main area is another important region within New England’s coastline: the Massachusetts & Rhode Island Bays. This area includes Cape Cod Bay, Buzzards Bay, Narragansett Bay, Martha's Vineyard Sound, and Block Island Sound and features a moderate climate influenced by the Atlantic Ocean, supporting diverse tree species. The same tree varieties that thrive in the Gulf of Maine do well in this region as well. 

Black Cherry (Prunus serotina) 

This tree can be found at the edges of coastal marshes and forests.Their ability to tolerate saltwater to some extent and grow in both upland and wetland areas makes them well-suited for the region.

Balsam FIr (Abies balsamea)  

Balsam Fir can be found in more sheltered coastal areas. This evergreen tree is highly adapted to cold temperatures and moist conditions, though it also tolerates occasional exposure to salt. Its dense, soft needles help it withstand harsh winds and heavy snow loads.

White Pine (Pinus strobus) 

This tree typically grows in the more protected areas near river estuaries and sheltered bays. White pine is one of the tallest and most iconic trees in New England. It is tolerant of a wide range of soil conditions, including coastal soils. Its flexibility and light, airy canopy help it survive in windy, coastal environments.

American Beech (Fagus grandifolia) 

These Beech trees are often found along the protected coastal woodlands in Massachusetts and Rhode Island, particularly in areas with rich, moist soil. Beech trees are relatively salt-tolerant and thrive in sheltered locations along the coast where the soil is fertile and moisture levels are stable. They provide important habitat for wildlife, particularly in the form of dense canopies that shelter a variety of plants and animals.

New York-New Jersey Bight & Long Island Sound Coastal Regions

The New York-New Jersey Bight and Long Island Sound represent a unique coastal region in the northeastern United States, marked by a mix of saltwater estuaries, tidal marshes, sandy beaches, and coastal forests. The area is home to a variety of tree species that have adapted to the challenges of saltwater exposure, wind, fluctuating water levels, and sometimes poor, sandy soils. Coastal trees in this region are crucial for stabilizing the soil, reducing erosion, and providing important wildlife habitat.

Some of the native tree species that thrive along the coast in the NY-NJ Bight and Long Island Sound areas are also common to other parts of New England: Eastern Red Cedar, Pitch Pine, Black Cherry, Red Maple, American Holly, Northern Red Oak, Balsam Fir, White Pine, Tamarack, and Atlantic White Cedar. 

The History of New England Coastal Trees

Understanding native New England trees is crucial for several reasons, including ecological balance, cultural heritage, and practical applications in modern landscaping. The history and traditions associated with these trees provide insights into their resilience and purpose, which can guide the selection of species for coastal and other environments.

Before European settlement, the landscape of New England was a "cultural landscape," shaped by indigenous peoples who used native plants for food, medicine, tools, and spiritual practices. This historical context highlights the adaptability and resilience of these plants.

Native New England trees have played significant roles in the region's history, providing essential resources for both indigenous peoples and European settlers. Here are some key historical uses of these trees:

White Pine (Pinus strobus)

White pine played a key role in both shipbuilding and construction, making it one of the most valuable trees in early American industries. Its tall, straight trunks and excellent strength-to-weight ratio made it the perfect choice for ship masts, supporting the booming shipbuilding industry along the Eastern Seaboard and beyond. But its usefulness didn’t stop there—thanks to its abundance, white pine became a staple in construction, providing high-quality wood for building homes, furniture, and a wide range of household items.

White Oak (Quercus alba)

White oak was a true powerhouse in early American industries, prized for its strength, durability, and natural resistance to rot. These qualities made it essential for shipbuilding, including the iconic USS Constitution—affectionately known as "Old Ironsides"—which was partly constructed with white oak. But the tree’s versatility didn’t stop at the waterfront. Its dense, sturdy wood was also highly sought after in furniture making, contributing to its lasting impact on the economy and craftsmanship of the time. Whether supporting ships or creating timeless furniture, white oak was a true staple of American industry.

Red Cedar (Juniperus virginiana)

Red cedar was a true multipurpose treasure for early colonists and Native Americans alike. Its durability and resistance to decay made it the perfect choice for building sturdy cabins and crafting tools that could withstand the test of time. Beyond construction, Native Americans recognized the tree's healing properties, using its oils and other compounds for medicinal purposes. Whether as a building material or a natural remedy, red cedar played a vital role in daily life and survival.

Maple Trees (Acer spp.)

Maple sugaring holds a rich history that dates back to Native Americans, who first discovered how to turn maple sap into sugar—a practice that European settlers quickly adopted. This local source of sweetness became a valuable trade commodity, offering an alternative to cane sugar, which was produced by enslaved labor in the West Indies. Beyond its practical uses, maple sugaring has deep cultural significance in New England, with numerous indigenous legends surrounding its discovery and the traditions tied to its production. It’s a sweet piece of history that continues to be celebrated today!

Coastal Yard Landscaping Tips

Here are some tips to help you create a successful design:

#1 // Pick the Best Trees for Your Location 

Find out what region your coastline setting falls under, NY or NJ or Massachusetts?  Take a look at the trees that are most common and thriving in your area. If you like a tree but are not sure about it, research its salt-tolerance and wind-resistance

#2 // Observe the Wind Patterns Around Your Property

What’s the direction of the wind? How does this change seasonally? You can place large trees to shield from those winds, while siting the smaller ornamental trees away from the winds so they are protected. 

#3 // Let’s Layer! 

Use a layered approach with taller trees in the back and smaller shrubs or understory plants in the foreground. This way you can create depth and visual interest.

#4 // Let’s Take Stock of Some Details

Is the soil type rocky, sandy, loamy? Does it take a long or short time for water to drain? Does water collect in any specific places? What’s the sun exposure like - full sun, part sun, filtered shade, full shade?  Does this change seasonally? 

#5 // Measuring Tape Time!

After measuring out the area of interest, verify what the mature size of the desired trees would be. When planning a layout make sure the plantings are spaced adequately to provide enough sunlight and air circulation, while still creating a cohesive look.

#6 // Let’s Leave Room for Paths and Open Areas

Establish pathways for accessibility, and consider open grassy areas for recreation. This can complement the tree layout and enhance usability.

#7 // Maintenance

Keep in mind the maintenance needs of the trees, such as watering, pruning, and pest management, especially for newly planted trees.

#8 // Visual Balance

Create balance in the layout by spreading out groups of trees and ensuring a  harmonious arrangement that can be viewed from multiple angles.

Creating a vibrant and resilient coastal landscape starts with choosing the right trees. By understanding the unique challenges of New England's coastline you can select species that enhance beauty, combat erosion, and support local ecosystems. Whether you’re drawn to the evergreen charm of Coastal Douglas Fir or the historical significance of White Pine, each tree plays a vital role in crafting a thriving coastal environment. 

If you’re overwhelmed and want some help, we have designers all over the US that can help you create the perfect coastal landscape for your home! Check out our Design Studio and let us help you make an oceanside haven today!